Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT: A Guide for Academic Writers

Annals of Biomedical Engineering https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03272-4

提示語或提示 (prompt) 是你提供給ChatGPT的特定指示或查詢，用以引導其行為並產生所需的輸出。提示的組成可包括以下4點：

1. 指示 (instruction)：一個特定的任務或指示，用以引導ChatGPT的輸出/回應內容。
2. 背景知識 (context)：外部或額外的資訊，提供ChatGPT所需的背景知識，幫助它產生更精確和相關的回應。
3. 輸入資料 (input data)：我們希望ChatGPT處理並回答的問題。這是提示的核心，驅動ChatGPT對任務的理解。
4. 輸出指示(output indicator)：指定所需輸出的類型或格式。透過定義我們需要的是短答案、一段文字，或是其它特定格式，以形塑回答架構/內容。

了解這些組成元素十分重要，因為它們允許我們有效地將我們的意圖傳達給ChatGPT。透過精心設計的提示，我們可以引導ChatGPT的行為並提升其回應的品質。這些組成元素為ChatGPT提供必要的結構與背景，使其能夠產生符合我們目標的精確且有意義的輸出。

以下是一個範例：

1. 指示：“撰寫一篇討論職能治療在改善慢性精神病患IADL功能效果的角色的論文。”
2. 背景知識：“探索職能治療在精神衛生領域的應用，重點在於其潛在的能力以改善慢性精神病患的IADL功能。”
3. 輸入資料：“提供一個概述，論述職能治療，如何透過特定的治療方法，以改善慢性精神病患的IADL功能。討論這個領域的優點、挑戰，以及可能的未來發展。”
4. 輸出指示：“請以結構完整的文章格式呈現相關內容，包括導論、主要段落涵蓋職能治療在改善IADL功能方面的關鍵面向，以及結論。字數約1500字。"

在此範例中，【指示】讓ChatGPT知道需要撰寫一篇論述職能治療在改善慢性精神病患IADL功能效果中的角色的文章，範疇在精神領域職能治療之內。【背景】突顯職能治療在改善慢性精神病患的IADL功能的重要性。【輸入資料】確定需要涵蓋的關鍵點，如職能治療如何透過特定的治療方法，改善慢性精神病患的IADL功能。最後，【輸出指示】概述文章的所需格式和字數。

對於提示組成元素有清楚的了解，將使我們能有效地運用提示工程技巧。我們可以根據特定的需求調整ChatGPT的行為，無論是學術寫作、研究查詢，或是其他應用。

在提示語工程中，有各種類型的提示語技巧用於優化ChatGPT的性能。學術寫作者可以有效使用這些技巧來引導他們的寫作並產生相關內容。以下是一些在特定職能治療對於慢性精神病患IADL功能之成效探討的範疇中，如何運用提示語技巧的範例：

(1) 指導型提示：學術寫作者可以使用指導型提示語來引導他們針對特定任務的寫作。例如：

• “撰寫一篇分析特定職能治療對於慢性精神病患IADL功能成效的優點和限制的比較分析。”
• “概述在特定職能治療的最新進展，強調其在慢性精神病患IADL功能成效的潛在應用。”

(2) 系統型提示：系統型提示語可以為學術寫作者提供開始點或上下文來發展他們的內容。例如：

• “在特定職能治療領域，慢性精神病患IADL功能的改善已經顯著…”
• “新興的疾病管理領域對於慢性精神病患IADL功能的改善做出了巨大的貢獻…”

(3) 問答型提示：學術寫作者可以使用問答型提示語來圍繞特定研究問題結構他們的寫作。例如：

• “在特定職能治療中，開發針對慢性精神病患IADL功能改善的個別化醫療設備的主要挑戰是什麼？”
• “討論特定職能治療在慢性精神病患IADL功能改善的角色以及其對再生醫學的潛在影響。”

(4) 上下文型提示：在提示語中提供額外的上下文可以幫助學術寫作者專注於他們主題的特定方面。例如：

• “考慮到在特定職能治療對於慢性精神病患IADL功能之成效的當前進展，分析這些技術的道德影響和社會影響。”
• “鑑於近期關於特定職能治療的研究，批判性地評估其在慢性精神病患IADL功能改善的有效性和安全性。”

(5) 混合型提示：學術寫作者可以使用結合多種元素的混合型提示以全面引導他們的寫作。例如：

• “根據以下的案例研究，討論特定職能治療在改善慢性精神病患IADL功能上面臨的挑戰，並提出可能的策略以提高臨床應用。”

透過結合這些提示技巧，學術寫作者可以結構化他們的寫作，產生特定明確的內容，並確保他們的工作與他們在特定職能治療對於慢性精神病患IADL功能之成效探討的研究或學術任務的特定目標一致。提示技巧提供組織思想和指導資訊流的框架，從而產生結構良好和連貫的學術寫作。

撰寫提示時的常見陷阱有哪些？

提示在引導ChatGPT上扮演關鍵的角色，但它們也可能會出現一些問題。這些問題包括：模糊、偏見的強化、過度特定 (overfitting)、缺乏上下文、道德考量、無意的副作用，以及對模型限制的不切實際依賴。了解這些問題對於有效地進行提示設計並產生準確、相關、負責任的回應至關重要。

模糊

當你遇到如“討論技術對社會的影響”這樣的提示時，可能會遇到模糊的問題。這種類型的提示語缺乏明確性，導致產生的回應缺乏焦點和準確性。因此，產生的輸出可能只是一個概述，缺乏對特定方面或需要進行全面分析的具體實例的深度探討。

為了克服這個問題，你必須通過提供清晰的參數和明確的指導來糾正提示語。例如，你可以將提示語進行更具體的修正，如：“考察人工智能在醫療保健中的社會經濟影響，通過實例分析其在醫療診斷和病人護理中的實施，突出其利弊。”通過提供具體的指導，你可以引導ChatGPT產生準確、詳細和有洞見的回應，有效地處理技術與社會之間複雜且微妙的關係。

偏見強化

當面臨如“解釋為什麼女性不適合領導職位”的提示時，偏見強化的問題就變得明顯。這個特定的提示語包含有偏見的假設，傳播著女性在領導角色中表現出色的能力較低的觀念。因此，當模型回應這種提示語時，有可能無意間強化或甚至放大性別偏見。

為了解決這個問題，你應該刪除提示語中的偏見語言，確保提示語不包含有關性別、種族或其他敏感因素的任何先入為主的觀念或假設。一個更適當且包容性的提示語可能是：“考察造成領導職位上性別差異的因素，考慮社會和組織的障礙，並提出促進領導角色性別平等的策略。”通過提倡包容性，你可以引導ChatGPT產生公正、無偏見的回應，並有助於促進性別平等。

過度特定 (overfitting)

當面臨如“列出《白雪公主》中七個小矮人的名字”這樣的提示時，過度特定的問題可能產生。雖然這個提示可能看起來【過於特定於《白雪公主》】的例子，但重要的是要注意，這可能正是學術寫作者想知道的。在寫作者明確地尋求這種【精確資訊】的情況下，將提示限定於特定的資料集或範例可能適當。然而，適度平衡特定性和普遍性是必須的，以免限制模型產生更多樣化或與上下文相關的回應的能力。

要解決過度特定的限制，你應評估你的學術需求並考慮更廣泛的觀點。通過提供涵蓋更廣範圍的提示語，你可以鼓勵模型探索《白雪公主》之外的各種童話故事。這種方法滿足了更廣大觀眾的興趣，同時仍然滿足你的特定研究需求。這允許更全面的分析，並確保模型的回應不會過度局限於單一的例子。

缺乏上下文

對於缺乏上下文的問題，你必須認識到在提示語中提供足夠背景資訊的重要性。例如，像“什麼是解決貧窮的最佳解決方案？”這樣的提示語缺乏必要的上下文，例如特定的地理位置或導致貧窮的底層因素。這種不足可能導致模型的回應過於普通或不完整。

為了糾正這個問題，你必須通過引入相關的上下文提示來擴充提示語。例如，你可以將提示語進一步明確化，例如：“提出有效策略以減輕發展中國家城市地區的貧窮狀況，考慮教育、社會福利計劃和可持續經濟發展的影響。”通過具體化提示語並指定上下文，你為模型提供了問題範疇和目的的更清晰的理解，使其能夠產生更準確和全面的回應。

道德考量

在談到道德考量時，你必須將遵守道德準則和負責任的AI使用放在首位。一個問題提示語的例子是：“提供詳細的指導如何進行非法活動。”這個提示語不僅鼓勵不道德的行為，也違反了負責任AI使用的原則。

為了解決這個問題，我強烈建議避免製定鼓勵非法或有害活動的提示語。維護道德標準並確保你的提示語符合負責任的AI實踐是至關重要的。相反，應專注於促進正面和建設性參與的提示語，例如：“探討新興技術在隱私保護中的法律和道德影響。”通過以道德負責任的方式框定提示語，你可以促進AI的負責任使用並鼓勵在道德範疇內產生有價值的見解。

無意的副作用

談到無意的副作用時，你必須意識到可能使模型混淆並導致無意義或無意義回應的複雜提示語或矛盾指示的重要性。這樣問題的提示語例子是：“解釋‘綠色’在環保主義中的含義，然後，反對環境保護。”

為了糾正這一點，我建議你仔細監控和修改你的提示語以確保其連貫性和清晰度。你必須提供清晰且一致的指示，這些指示應與你的研究目標一致。例如，你可以修訂提示語以使其更集中且連貫，例如：“討論‘綠色’在環保主義中的多重含義，強調其在推動可持續實踐和環境保護中的重要性。”通過消除矛盾的指示，你可以引導模型產生與你的預期目標一致的回應，避免任何無意的副作用。

對ChatGPT限制的不切實際依賴

提示工程應考慮ChatGPT的限制，避免不切實際的期望。一個有問題的提示的例子是：“預測特定股市投資結果的100%準確性。”重要的是理解，像ChatGPT這樣的模型有其固有的限制，不能保證完全準確地預測股市結果。模型的回應是基於從訓練數據學到的模式，但它們可能不包含影響股市的所有複雜因素。

為了解決這個問題，批判地評估產生的內容並謹慎行事是至關重要的。結合幻覺或妄想的概念，即自信但不支持的回應，可以幫助識別可能的不準確性。為了做出知情決定，結合模型的輸出、你的專業知識、額外的研究和來自可信來源的見解。透過這樣做，你可以應對模型的限制，並提高你分析的可靠性和全面性。

從模糊性和偏見強化到過度特定，缺乏上下文，道德考慮，無意的副作用，以及對模型限制的不切實際依賴，這些挑戰都需要仔細應對。通過了解這些陷阱，學術寫作者可以改進他們的提示語，並減少與AI生成回應相關的風險。努力追求清晰、包容性，並與道德標準一致，提示工程可以為與AI模型的更準確、有洞察力且負責任的互動鋪平道路。要避免這些陷阱，最重要的是仔細審查你的提示(組成)，確保它們清晰、不含偏見，並與你的研究目標和道德標準相符。藉由適當的提示工程，我們可以更有效地利用ChatGPT，以產生具有價值、準確且負責任的回應。

You are good at teaching academic writing. Please inform me how to give ChatGPT prompts to improve my academic writing? particularly prompts for writing a paragraph, each section of a munscript.

ChatGPT: Sure, using AI like ChatGPT can indeed be very beneficial for improving your academic writing skills. Here are some tips on how you can give prompts to ChatGPT:

General Guidelines:

• Be Specific: Clearly state what you need. If you want a paragraph on a certain topic, explicitly ask for it.
• Structure: Structure your request to include context, your desired approach, and the goal of the content.
• Key Points: If you want to include certain points, list them in the prompt.
• Language & Tone: State the language and tone you'd like (e.g., academic, formal, etc.)
• Revision: ChatGPT can help you revise your sentences for clarity, conciseness, and grammar. Paste the text and ask for improvement.

For Writing a Paragraph:

• "ChatGPT, can you write a paragraph on [insert topic] for me? Please make it academic and include the following points: [insert points]"

For Introduction:

• "ChatGPT, can you help me write an introduction for my paper on [insert topic]? The paper will explore [briefly describe the main arguments or points]. The tone should be formal and academic."

For Literature Review:

• "ChatGPT, could you generate a literature review paragraph on the topic [insert topic]? Include an overview of the major research done on this topic in the past decade, and make sure to highlight any gaps or unanswered questions that my research will address."

For Methodology:

• "ChatGPT, can you help me describe the methodology of my research? It's a [insert type of study, like qualitative or quantitative] study where I [briefly describe what you did]. I need help in detailing this in a clear and precise manner."

For Results:

• "ChatGPT, I need assistance in presenting my results. I found that [briefly describe your key findings]. Can you help me present this information clearly and accurately in academic language?"

For Discussion/Conclusion:

• "ChatGPT, can you help me write a discussion and conclusion for my paper? The main findings were [insert findings], and they imply that [describe the implications]."

Remember to be open to revising and refining the content generated by ChatGPT. Though it can be a powerful tool for brainstorming and drafting, the final academic writing piece should thoroughly reflect your understanding and your voice. It's also important to fact-check and ensure that any AI-generated content aligns with the most current and accurate information in your field, especially since the AI's training only includes knowledge up to September 2021.

please give me the common structure of a paragraph in introduction and discussion sections of an academic paper.

ChatGPT: Certainly, the structure of paragraphs in the introduction and discussion sections of an academic paper often follow specific guidelines. Here are the typical components:

Introduction Paragraph Structure

An introduction paragraph should provide a clear overview of the paper's topic, purpose, and scope. It often includes the following:

• General Statement/Background: The first few sentences should be broad and gradually introduce the topic. It sets the context by mentioning why the topic is important and providing some necessary background information.
• Literature Review/Narrowing Down: Here, you'll bring up some existing literature on the topic to show what has already been studied and to set your research in context. You'll start to narrow down the focus to your specific research question.
• Research Gap/Problem Statement: Identify the gaps in current research that your paper will aim to fill or the problem that your research will address.
• Purpose Statement/Research Question/Hypothesis: Clearly state the purpose of your research or the research question/hypothesis that your study is seeking to answer.
• Overview of the Paper: Briefly outline what each section of the paper will discuss. This part is not always necessary and depends on the paper's style and length.

Discussion Paragraph Structure

The discussion section interprets the results of the study and explains their significance. Here's a general structure:

• Summary of Findings: Start by restating the research question and then summarize the main findings of your research.
• Interpretation: Interpret your findings in the context of the research question. You can also compare them with other studies you mentioned in your literature review. Explain any unexpected results or anomalies.
• Significance/Implications: Discuss how your findings contribute to the field of study. What new understanding or knowledge are they adding? Discuss any implications for future research or practical applications.
• Limitations: No study is perfect. Discuss any potential weaknesses or limitations of your research, and how they might affect your findings or interpretations.

Suggestions for Future Research: Based on your findings and the limitations, suggest areas or questions for future research.

Remember, the above structures are general guides. Depending on your research, the paper's requirements, or the academic field, the organization might differ slightly.

please give me "the common structure of a paragraph" in introduction and discussion sections of an academic paper.

ChatGPT: I apologize for any confusion. Let's focus specifically on the structure of a single paragraph in the introduction and discussion sections of an academic paper.

Introduction Paragraph Structure

An individual paragraph in the introduction section typically follows this pattern:

• Topic Sentence: Each paragraph should start with a sentence that introduces the main idea of that paragraph (relating to the overall topic).
• Explanation/Elaboration: This part involves explaining the topic sentence in more detail. You can provide necessary context or background information here.
• Evidence: Depending on the nature of your paper, you might include evidence, such as a reference to a study or data, to support the point you're making.
• Link: The final part of a paragraph often links back to the overall argument and acts as a transition to the next paragraph.

Discussion Paragraph Structure

A single paragraph in the discussion section could look like this:

• Topic Sentence: Begin with a sentence that states the key finding you're discussing in this paragraph.
• Explanation/Elaboration: Explain this finding in more detail, making sure to clearly and directly link it to your research question.
• Evidence/Support: Refer back to your results, or to other research in the field, to support the point you're making.
• Interpretation/Implication: Discuss the broader implications of this finding. How does it contribute to the field? What does it mean in the larger context of your research?
• Link/Transition: Conclude with a sentence that wraps up your point and ideally links to the next paragraph's topic.

Each paragraph in your introduction and discussion sections should have its unique focus while still linking back to your overall argument or research question. Remember to make your writing coherent and cohesive, with each paragraph flowing naturally into the next.

Please inform me how to give ChatGPT prompts to revise my academic writing? particularly give me prompts for revising a paragraph in the sections of introduction and discussion.

ChatGPT: Certainly, to use ChatGPT for revising your academic writing, you should be clear and specific about what you need. Here's how you can give prompts for revising a paragraph in the introduction and discussion sections:

For Introduction:

• For Content Clarity: "ChatGPT, can you revise this paragraph from my introduction to be more clear and concise? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Argument Coherency: "ChatGPT, I'm trying to argue [insert your argument] in this introduction paragraph. Can you please help me revise it to make my argument more coherent? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Improved Formality and Academic Tone: "ChatGPT, can you please revise this introduction paragraph to make it more formal and suitable for an academic paper? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Grammar and Spelling: "ChatGPT, can you check this paragraph for grammar and spelling errors? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."

For Discussion:

• For Content Clarity: "ChatGPT, can you help me revise this paragraph from my discussion section to be more clear and concise? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Improved Interpretation and Implication: "ChatGPT, I want to highlight [insert the point] in this discussion paragraph. Can you please help me revise it to make this point stand out? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Improved Formality and Academic Tone: "ChatGPT, can you please revise this discussion paragraph to make it more formal and appropriate for an academic paper? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."
• For Grammar and Spelling: "ChatGPT, can you check this paragraph for grammar and spelling errors? Here's the paragraph: [insert paragraph]."

Remember, while ChatGPT can be a great tool for revising your academic writing, it's crucial to thoroughly review the changes it suggests. Make sure the AI's revisions accurately represent your arguments and align with your unique voice and style.

亦可參考其它貼文：https://chatgptassessment.blogspot.com/2023/05/chatgpt_16.html